Preface
xi
Abbreviations --с.xv
Maps --с.xxv
Introduction --с.1
Approach and Method --с.3
Problems and Perspective --с.3
Corpus --с.4
Bibliography --с.5
Prologue: Exile—Return—Dispersion --с.8
Destruction and Exile --с.8
Return and Restoration --с.11
Dispersion --с.13
Summary --с.14
1. Tales of the Dispersion --с.17
Daniel 1-6 --с.17
Additions to the Book of Daniel --с.22
Susanna --с.23
Bel and the Serpent --с.24
The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men --с.26
The Story of Darius’s Bodyguards (1 Esdras 3-4) --с.27
Tobit --с.29
The Epistle of Jeremiah --с.35
2. Palestine in the Wake of Alexander the Great --с.41
The Overlords of Palestine --с.41
Early Hellenization in Palestine --с.43

Literature Attributed to Enoch --с.43
The Book of the Luminaries (1 Enoch 72-82) --с.44
The Book of the Watchers (1 Enoch 1-36) --с.46
The Apocalyptic Worldview of 1 Enoch --с.52
The Wisdom of Ben Sira (Sirach or Ecclesiasticus) --с.53
3. Reform—Repression—Revolt --с.67
The Events --с.67
A Response in Apocalyptic Literature --с.69
The Book of Jubilees --с.69
The Testament of Moses --с.74
Daniel 7-12 --с.77
The Composition of Daniel 1-12 --с.83
The Animal Vision (1 Enoch 83—90) --с.83
Summary --с.86
4. The Hasmoneans and Their Opponents --с.91
From Judas to Alexandra --с.91
Baruch --с.94
Judith --с.97
1 Maccabees --с.102
2 Maccabees --с.106
The Epistle of Enoch (1 Enoch 92-105) --с.110
Possible Stages in the Literary Development of 1 Enoch --с.114
5. The People at Qumran and Their Predecessors --с.119
Scrolls from the Dead Sea Caves --с.119
The Damascus Document --с.122
Pesharim --с.127
Continuous Commentaries --с.128
The Habakkuk Commentary --с.129
A Commentary on Psalms --с.130
The Nahum Commentary --с.131
A Commentary on Isaiah --с.131
Florilegium (1Q174), Melchizedek (11Q13),
Testimonia (4Q175): Three Thematic Exegetical Texts --с.132
The Thanksgiving Hymns --с.132
Hymns of the Teacher --с.133
Hymns of the Community --с.136
The Rule of the Community --с.137
The War Scroll --с.143
A Halakic Letter (4QMMT) --с.147
The Rule of the Congregation (lQSa) --с.150
Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (The Angelic Liturgy) --с.151

The Temple Scroll --с.154
The Aramaic Levi Document --с.159
An Unusual Psalms Scroll (llQPsa) --с.165
A Davidic Psalter --с.165
Psalm 151 --с.166
Psalms of the Pious --с.167
Instruction for a Student (4QInstruction) --с.169
The Genesis Apocryphon --с.172
The New Jerusalem --с.177
Summary --с.179
6. Israel in Egypt --с.191
The Greek Jewish Scriptures—the So-called Septuagint --с.192
The Sibylline Oracles, Book 3 --с.193
Aristeas to Philocrates --с.196
3 Maccabees --с.199
Additions to the Book of Esther --с.202
The Wisdom of Solomon --с.205
Philo of Alexandria --с.212
2 Enoch --с.221
7. The Romans and the House of Herod --с.231
The Hasmoneans Give Way to Rome --с.231
Herod the Great --с.233
The House of Herod --с.235
The Roman Governors of Judea --с.236
Agrippa I --с.236
Domination—Opposition—Expectation --с.23 7
The Psalms of Solomon --с.238
Psalms of the Nation --с.238
Psalms of the Righteous and the Pious --с.244
Date and Provenance --с.246
The Testament of Moses—Revised --с.247
The Parables of Enoch (1 Enoch 37-71) --с.248
The Unfolding Drama --с.250
Date and Provenance --с.254
4 Maccabees --с.256
8. Revolt—Destruction—Reconstruction --с.263
The Events --с.263
The Book of Biblical Antiquities (Pseudo-Philo) --с.265
Three Apocalyptic Responses to the Fall of Jerusalem --с.270
4 Ezra --с.270
2 Baruch --с.277

The Relationship between 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch --с.283
The Apocalypse of Abraham --с.285
Flavius Josephus --с.288
Josephus’s Life and Career --с.289
Josephus’s Writings --с.290
The History ofthe Jewish War --с.290
The Jewish Antiquities --с.291
The Life --с.293
Against Apion --с.294
9. Texts of Disputed Provenance --с.301
The Problem --с.301
The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs --с.302
The Testament of Reuben concerning Thoughts --с.303
The Testament of Simeon concerning Envy --с.305
The Testament of Levi concerning Priesthood and Arrogance --с.306
The Testament of Judah concerning Courage, the Love of
Money, and Fornication --с.308
The Testament of Issachar concerning Simplicity --с.310
The Testament of Asher concerning the Two Faces
ofViceandV irtue --с.311
The Testament of Joseph concerning Self-Control --с.312
Summary --с.313
Christian Provenance --с.314
The Testament of Job --с.315
The Testament of Abraham --с.322
The Life of Adam and Eve --с.327
The Greek Life of Adam and Eve --с.327
The Latin Life of Adam and Eve --с.329
Joseph and Aseneth --с.332
I he Prayer of Manasseh --с.338
Summary --с.341
Notes --с.345
Charts --с.425
Major Figures in the Seleucid Dynasty --с.426
The Hasmonean House --с.427
The House of Herod --с.428
Index of Subjects --с.429
Index of Modern Authors --с.439

In this fully revised and expanded edition, Nickelsburg introduces the reader to the broad range of Jewish literature that is not part of either the Bible or the standard rabbinic works. This includes especially the Apocrypha (such as I Maccabees), the Pseudepigrapha (such as I Enoch), the Dead Sea Scrolls, the works of Josephus, and the works of Philo. This new edition also has an enormously helpful CD-ROM, including hyperlinks to the RSV, Web links to primary documents, chapter summaries, discussion questions, and about one hundred images of related sites and artifacts.